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<title>Trojan script</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trojan script</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:gainsboro;">Trojan script<br><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> Undeciphered

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Extinct</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown, if any</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Trojan script</b> is a series of signs of unknown origin found on vessels from <a href="Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> excavated by <a href="Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a>'s expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazansky1984_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazansky1984-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their status is disputed and it is unclear whether they constitute a single system of writing, or if they are writing at all. Nevertheless, several mutually-exclusive readings of these inscriptions have been proposed over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2></div>

<p>While <a href="Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">excavating</a> the archeological phase of Troy now known as Troy II, Heinrich Schliemann unearthed various objects he believed to depict a Trojan script. These include: a <a href="Vase" title="Vase">vase</a> found within the royal palace, two <a href="Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> seals, a red slate, and two clay <a href="Spindle_whorl" title="Spindle whorl">spindle whorls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was especially interested in the text on the vase, which, by his account, contained a letter similar to the modern "<a href="P" title="P">P</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schliemann initially attempted to translate the inscriptions based on the <a href="Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Émile-Louis Burnouf</a>, a leading <a href="Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalist</a>, <a href="Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racialist</a>, and friend of Schliemann during the time, believed these inscriptions represented an ancient Graeco-Asiatic alphabet. Professor <a href="Martin_Haug" title="Martin Haug">Martin Haug</a>, another contemporary scholar, argued that the inscriptions were connected to the <a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> and the Cypriot syllabary.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p><a href="Philology" title="Philology">Philologists</a> attempted to <a href="Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterate</a> the signs as <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>. Professor Haug attempted to translate the seal; he claimed to have read the words “<i>ta.i.o.si.i.go</i>.” Haug believed this meant “to the divine Sigo.” He argued that the deity “Sigo” appeared in the names of <a href="Sigeion" title="Sigeion">Sigeum</a>, <a href="Karamenderes_River" title="Karamenderes River">Scamander</a>, and <a href="Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a>. Austrian classical philologist <a href="Theodor_Gomperz" title="Theodor Gomperz">Theodor Gomperz</a> attempted to decipher this same inscription. Although Gomperz utilized the same method as Haug, he instead chose to read the seal from right to left instead of from left to right. He claimed it translated to “to the divine commander." Gomperz went on to translate four more terracotta seals. However, other scholars were alarmed that perfect Greek had been found in Trojan inscriptions, and the inscriptions should predate the form of Greek which was used. These translations were soon revealed as erroneous; they had been based on a mistranslation of the Cypriot script. British <a href="Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriologist</a> <a href="Archibald_Sayce" title="Archibald Sayce">Archibald Sayce</a> attempted to read the translation utilizing more recent advancements in academic understanding of the Cypriot syllabary. Professor Sayce believed that the Trojan inscriptions were copies of a <a href="Babylonian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian script">Babylonian script</a> and were influenced by the <a href="Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>In 1994 <a href="Louis_Godart" title="Louis Godart">Dr. Louis Godart</a> republished the inscriptions and identified the script as <a href="Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>. This identification has been controversial: archeologist Massimo Perna rejects this theory as "highly unlikely." According to Perna, the signs found on the spindle whorls appear in numerous other ancient scripts and ornaments, and that any analysis of the signs is problematic due to inability to analyze the original finds.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternately, Edwin L. Brown argued they were written using Linear A to transcribe a dialect of the <a href="Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luwian was a <i><a href="Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in late Bronze Age western Anatolia, and as yet the only accepted evidence of writing at Troy is a scribal <a href="Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> inscribed with <a href="Luwian_language#Hieroglyphic_Luwian" title="Luwian language">Luwian hieroglyphs</a> found in Troy VIIb1. However a single inscription on a very portable object "can hardly be used as evidence that the population of Troy spoke Luwian."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another inscription in the Trojan script was found in Troy II.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet historian of antiquity Nikolay Kazansky found them more similar to <a href="Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> signs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazansky1984_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazansky1984-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another Soviet historian, Arkady Molchanov, regarded them as "imitation of writing". Regardless of any similarities the Trojan symbols have with Linear B, those from Troy II date from about a thousand years before the development of that script.

</p><p>Archaeological analyses of the inscriptions have indicated that Troy III (2250–2100/2050 BCE) and Troy IV (2100/2050–2000/1950 BCE) predate Linear A, Troy V (2000/1950–1900/1850 BCE) coincides with linear A, and Troy II (2600/2550–2250 BCE) may be an intermediate link to <a href="Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> societies such as the <a href="Usatove_culture" title="Usatove culture">Usatove</a> or <a href="Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claimed_readings_of_inscriptions">Claimed readings of inscriptions</h2></div>

<p>According to Ukrainian linguist Iurii Mosenkis's theory that the Trojan script represents an early and archaic variant of Linear A, Inscription № 2444 may be read:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>ku-pa a-ro-ma ku-pa a-ro-ma</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Inscription № 2445 is illegible and seems to have partly deteriorated; several signs may be identified as fragments of Linear A or Linear B signs but not as whole signs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Classicist Edwin L. Brown claimed that two of the spindle whorls can be read as "PI-MI-D/MI-D/TA." “PI-MI-D” can be translated as “<i>Pimidas</i>”, a personal name in the possessive <a href="Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>. “Pi” or “Piya” appears in many ancient Anatolian names such as <a href="Piyama-Radu" title="Piyama-Radu">Piyamarandu</a> or Pissillis. Similarly, “MI-D/TA” appears frequently in ancient Anatolian names such as Mita, Mida, and Midas. In <a href="Luwian_hieroglyphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian hieroglyphics">Luwian hieroglyphics</a> the name “Mita” means “servant.” However, in this context it may refer to devoted servitude of a deity. “<i>Puri(y)as</i>” may be read as a noun in the nominative singular or plural form” It is possible that this word is a cognate with the Hittite word “<i>Purpura</i>,” meaning “dumpling” or “lump.” If “<i>Puri(y)as</i>” shares the same meaning, then the term may refer to the spindle whorl itself, which was made of a lump of clay. It is possible the entire sentence may be translated to read: “Pimidas’s spindle whorl” or perhaps as “The spindle whorl is Pimidas’s.”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Alphabets_of_Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabets of Asia Minor">Alphabets of Asia Minor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan syllabary</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_European_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old European script">Old European script</a></li>

<li><a href="Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li>

<li><a href="King_Teucer" title="King Teucer">Teucer</a></li>

<li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazansky1984-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazansky1984_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazansky1984_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazansky1984">Kazansky (1984)</a>.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMosenkis" class="citation book cs1">Mosenkis, Iurii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27943215"><i>Trojan script: proto-Linear A of Anatolian Greeks?</i></a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_L._Brown1998" class="citation book cs1">Edwin L. Brown (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PCHtWIU1mx4C&pg=PA51">"Linear A on Trojan Spindlewhorls, Luvian-Based ϜΑΝΑΞ at Cnossus"</a>. In Schmeling, Gareth; Mikalson, Jon A. (eds.). <i>Qui Miscuit Utile Dulci: Festschrift Essays for Paul Lachlan MacKendrick</i>. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>56. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-86516-406-2</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchliemann1875" class="citation book cs1">Schliemann, Heinrich (1875). Smith, Philip (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZhAAAAAYAAJ"><i>Troy and Its Remains: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries Made on the Site of Ilium, and in the Trojan Plain</i></a>. London: John Murray. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchliemann1881" class="citation book cs1">Schliemann, Heinrich (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ilioscityandcou02schlgoog"><i>Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans</i></a>. University of Michigan. New York, Harper & brothers.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMosenkis" class="citation book cs1">Mosenkis, Iurii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31434046"><i>Trojan Greek inscriptions: Troy III 2150 BC and later</i></a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMassimo_Perna2014" class="citation book cs1">Massimo Perna (31 December 2014). "The Birth of Administration and Writing in Minoan Crete: Some Thoughts on Hieroglyphics and Linear A". In Nakassis, Dimitri; Gulizio, Joann; James, Sarah A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiOzEAAAQBAJ"><i>KE-RA-ME-JA: Studies Presented to Cynthia W. Shelmerdine</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: INSTAP Academic Press. pp. 253, 256. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62303-357-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2010" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2010). <i>The Trojans and Their Neighbours</i>. London, UK: Routledge. p. 118. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0415349559</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kladina.narod.ru/kazanskiy/kazanskiy.htm">"ТРОЯНСКОЕ ПИСЬМО. К ПОСТАНОВКЕ ВОПРОСА"</a>. <i>www.kladina.narod.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205230625/http://www.kladina.narod.ru/kazanskiy/kazanskiy.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKazansky1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kazansky, NN. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kladina.narod.ru/kazanskiy/kazanskiy.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Троянское письмо: к постановке вопроса</bdi></a>. In Bernstein, S.B.; Gindin, L.A.; Golubtsova, E.S.; I.A.; Orel, V.E. (eds.). <i>Античная балканистика: Карпато-балканский регион в диахронии (Предварительные материалы к международному симпозиуму)</i> (in Russian).</cite> (Includes images of inscriptions 2444 and 2445.)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZurbach2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zurbach, Julien (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12358208">"Schriftähnlihe Zeichen und Töpferzeichen in Troia"</a>. <i>Studia Troica</i> (in German). <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">113–</span>130.</cite></li></ul>

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